Sample Space

Sample Space

One idea from maths, statistics or machine learning per issue, with simulations you can play with.

All issues

Players around the roulette table at Monte Carlo, old postcard
Issue 1 · Statistics, ML · October 2026

The law of large numbers

Why averages tell the truth, from coin flips and roulette to mini-batch SGD, and where they stop telling it.

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Francis Galton's 1889 drawing of balls falling through pegs into a hill
Issue 2 · Statistics, ML · October 2026

The central limit theorem

Why 1,000 voters can speak for a whole country, why every average piles up into the same hill, and how to build a margin of error yourself.

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Issue 3 · Probability, ML · October 2026

Markov chains

Randomness that remembers one step: a lazy frog, Snakes and Ladders, a page that babbles, and how one simple rule ranks the web.

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Issue 4 · Coming soon

The shape that keeps coming back

Coins, dice, polls and frogs all pile into the same hill. Why this one?